CONCEPT OF COMPASSION IN ISLAM
By Babatunde Jose
Compassion in Islam is not merely a sentiment but an attitude that should be practiced in daily life. By adopting compassionate values, Muslims are expected to cultivate communities characterized by kindness, mercy, and harmony, aligning with Islamic teachings that advocate for mercy to the entire universe.
Compassion literally means “to suffer together.” Among emotion researchers, it is defined as the feeling that arises when you are confronted with another’s suffering and feel motivated to relieve that suffering.
It is said that compassion entails certain elements that apply to the self or others: 1) recognising suffering, 2) understanding the universality of suffering in human experience, 3) feeling for the person suffering and emotionally connecting with their distress, 4) tolerating any uncomfortable feelings aroused. Compassion also involves three elements: Kindness, mindfulness, and common humanity.
Compassion involves allowing ourselves to be moved by suffering to help alleviate and prevent it. An act of compassion is one that is intended to be helpful. Other virtues that harmonize with compassion include patience, wisdom, kindness, perseverance, warmth, and resolve.
Being compassionate is often termed applying the Golden Rule: *“Do unto others as you would like them to do on to you.”*
Many people think jihad is more central to Islam than compassion. But this is not so. Compassion is far more central to Islam than jihad. In fact, compassion represents the true spirit of Islam and compassion is far more vital to Islamic teachings than anything else.
There are certain keywords in the Quran which are greatly stressed of which four are very often repeated i.e. rahmah (The name “Ar-Rahmaan” is mentioned 55 times in the Quran. It is also mentioned 133 times in the basmalah.) , ihsan- benevolence, ‘adl-justice, and hikmah-wisdom.
A Muslim begins everything by reciting Bi Ism-i- Allah al-Rahman al-Rahim (i.e. begin in the name of Allah Who is Compassionate and Merciful). Thus a Muslim is supposed to invoke Allah the Compassionate and Merciful at every step.
The concept of sustenance of the whole world itself is based on His Mercy and Compassion for everything He has created. In fact, rahmah is so central to Allah’s existence that it embraces all that exists in the universe (wasi`at kulla shayin) see *Surah Ghafir, Quran 40:7.*
Allah sent His Messenger Muhammad (SAW) also as the Mercy of the World (21:107). Thus the Prophet of Islam also represents universal mercy. As the Messenger of Allah he is representative of His Mercy and hence the Prophet (SAW) himself is known as rahmatan lil alamin (mercy of the worlds). Thus a true follower of the Prophet (SAW) has to be merciful and compassionate as humanly as possible. Anyone who is cruel and is insensitive towards the sufferings of others cannot be a true follower. This aptly applies to our leaders.
This is a great pity that Muslims themselves except the sufis and their followers have forgotten the emphasis of the Holy Quran on the quality of compassion. The Sufis lay tremendous stress on compassion. Their very fundamental doctrine is what is called sulh-i-kul i.e. peace with all which means no violence and no aggressiveness. The majority of Muslims, of course, follow sufi approach. It is only some frustrated fringe groups of Muslims who keep on talking of jihad and power. These are ISIS, Boko Haram and other fringe groups.
It is important to note that in the Quran there is no concept of war of aggression and no concept of permissiveness of violence. Even where permission of war has been given it has been given to defend and protect rights of the oppressed and exploited, and not for achieving power.
There is no verse in the Quran which permits violence for territorial conquest or for achieving power. War has been qualified in the Quran by the words fi’ sabilillah i.e. in the way of Allah. Thus a war can be fought, only in the way of Allah.
And what is the way of Allah? Allah’s way is of justice, Allah’s way is of protecting the rights of the poor and exploited. The very first verse in the Quran permitting the use of violence reflects this very well.
Surat An-Nisa’, states: *“And what is [the matter] with you that you fight not in the cause of Allah and [for] the oppressed among men, women, and children who say, ‘Our Lord, take us out of this city of oppressive people and appoint for us from Yourself a protector and appoint for us from Yourself a helper?” (Quran 4:75)*
Thus explaining the import of this verse, a noted commentator Maulana Muhammad Ali says in his The Holy Quran (Lahore, 1973, pp-211), “This verse explains what is meant by fighting in the way of Allah. Fighting to deliver them from the persecution of the oppressors was really fighting in the way of Allah.”
The Quran, again and again, shows its sympathy for the weaker sections of the society in which it includes, among others, the orphans, the widows, the poor and the exploited, the slaves and other politically or socially and economically emasculated. It emphasizes different ways of helping them. This is all on the grounds of compassion. A person cannot be compassionate unless he/she is sensitive to others suffering.
The Quran shows great compassion to orphans, the widows, the poor and the slaves. It wants to liberate these poorer and oppressed sections from their situation. Zakah, a toll tax, has been made obligatory on all believing Muslims, to help these people.
Thus the Quran says,: *“(Zakat) charity is only for the poor and the needy and those employed to administer it, and those whose hearts are made to incline, and (to free) the captives, and those in debt, and in the way of Allah and for the wayfarer – an ordinance from Allah. And Allah is Knowing, Wise.” (Quran 9:60)*
Thus all the categories indicated in the above verse except those who administer it, are of weaker sections of society – those who suffer i.e. the poor, the needy, the captives (in war), those indebted, the slaves and the wayfarers. They all stand in need of help. A believer who is well off must be sensitive to the needs of these categories and must help them financially to remove their sufferings on compassionate grounds. Thus even for the payment of Zakat compassion remains central.
An important corollary of the concept of compassion is empathy which relates to understanding the feeling of others, putting ourselves in their position and feeling their pains and anguish. In social relations, this is a very important aspect of life that determines the essence of being your brother’s keeper, a cardinal principle of most faiths.
Unfortunately compassion is missing in the relationship between us and our leaders in this country. They are as callous as the one-eye cyclops, giving stones for the hungry instead of bread, presiding over the impoverishment of the people and their pauperization. They watched gleefully as our country became the poverty capital of the world and a land flowing with oil, milk and honey degenerated into a citadel of hunger and abject poverty and its people increasingly turned into hewers of wood and drawers of water.
They are most unconcerned with the plight of the people who have been sentenced back into the ‘dark ages’, with no light at the end of the proverbial tunnel; with water everywhere but none to drink and the country turned into one big camp of IDP. To all intents and purposes, we are experiencing a ‘Gazafication’ of the country, all because the leaders lack compassion.
*Rabbana la tuzigh quloobana ba’da idh hadaytana wa hab lana milladunka rahmah innaka antal Wahhab. Our Lord! (they say), Let not our hearts deviate now after Thou hast guided us, but grant us mercy from Thine own Presence; for Thou art the Grantor of bounties without measure. (Quran 3:8)*
*Barka Juma’at and a happy weekend*
*Babatunde Jose*
*Friday 22nd November 2024*
